Behavior Based Safety: Still Relevant?

Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) has been around for decades, credited with reducing incidents and shifting focus onto frontline actions. In today's evolving workplaces, some question whether BBS still fits--or if it unintentionally reinforces blame culture. In this episode of Safety on Purpose, we unpack where BBS came from, why it's under fire, and what needs to evolve for it to remain effective. We'll explore how modern safety culture demands more than observation checklists--and how integrating trust, context, and human factors can transform BBS. into a tool for engagement rather. than compliance. 

If you've ever wondered whether BBS is outdated or how to adapt it for today's workforce -- this. conversation is for you. 

Hosted by: Joe Garcia, Safety Leader & Culture Advocate
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Chapters

• 0:00 Introduction
• 0:40 Where BBS came from
• 3:10 Why BBS is under fire
• 6:00 What Still Works About BBS
• 8:45 What Needs to Evolve?
• 12:00 Real-World Scenarios
• 15:30 BBS in Modern Culture
• 17:45 Key Takeaways & Closing

Transcript

Episode #4 Title: Behavior-Based Safety: Still Relevant?

[Upbeat intro music fades in]

JOE:
Welcome back to Safety on Purpose—the podcast where we explore what it really takes to lead safety in today’s world, with purpose, people, and progress at the heart of every episode.

I’m Joe Garcia, and today we’re diving into a topic that’s been both praised and questioned over the years: Behavior-Based Safety—Still Relevant?

Whether you're all in on BBS or skeptical of it altogether, one thing is clear: it’s sparked conversation, changed how we observe work, and in many places, it's deeply embedded in how we “do” safety.

But in today’s workplace—with AI, psychological safety, and changing workforce values—does BBS still have a role? Or is it time for something new?

Let’s get into it. [Upbeat intro music fades in]

WHERE BBS CAME FROM

Behavior-Based Safety was born out of a pivotal shift in how safety professionals approached incidents and risk.

The Historical Backdrop

In the early to mid-20th century, industrial safety was largely focused on hazards — machinery, equipment, and environmental risks. If someone got hurt, the assumption was something mechanical went wrong or that a rule was broken.

But by the 1970s and 1980s, incident investigations and safety science began pointing toward a more complex truth:

Even in safe environments with proper procedures, people still got hurt — because of behaviors.

That led to a powerful realization:
 Human behavior is the final link in the chain before an incident.
Even the best procedures or engineering controls can be overridden — intentionally or unintentionally — by human actions.

This insight paved the way for a psychological and behavioral approach to safety.

The Birth of BBS

BBS draws heavily from the science of behaviorism, especially the work of psychologist B.F. Skinner, who studied how reinforcement shapes behavior.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, organizations like DuPont and safety consultancies began operationalizing this into systems that:

• Identified "safe" and "at-risk" behaviors
• Encouraged peer-to-peer observations
• Provided positive reinforcement for safe behaviors
• Used data from observations to drive improvement

It was a radical shift at the time. For the first time, workers were seen not just as the problem to control, but as part of the solution — capable of influencing their peers and culture through proactive behavior.

Why It Took Off

BBS became incredibly popular in the 1990s and early 2000s for a few reasons:

• It gave organizations something proactive to focus on, rather than reacting to injuries.
• It was data-driven, with measurable behavior observations.
• It engaged frontline workers directly in safety efforts.
• It helped companies feel they were finally addressing the human factor.

In many cases, companies saw dramatic short-term improvements in injury rates, making BBS the gold standard for behavior-focused safety programs.

But Times Have Changed...

While BBS was innovative in its time, modern safety thinking is evolving beyond it. There’s growing recognition that:

• Focusing only on behavior can oversimplify the complex reasons why people make decisions.
• Systems, culture, fatigue, mental health, production pressure, and leadership all influence behavior.
• Sometimes BBS devolves into blame or surveillance, which can harm trust.

That doesn’t mean BBS is irrelevant — but it means we need to evolve how we use it, and make sure it aligns with a deeper understanding of human performance, just culture, and psychological safety.

WHY BBS IS UNDER FIRE

1. It Focuses on the Worker, Not the System

At its core, BBS centers on individual behavior as the root cause of accidents and incidents. But modern safety thinking recognizes that:

People don’t fail. Systems fail.

BBS can unintentionally blame the worker for making an unsafe choice — without considering the context in which that choice was made. Was the worker under production pressure? Fatigued? Lacking resources? Facing unclear procedures?

By zeroing in on behavior and ignoring system design, leadership, and organizational culture, BBS often misses the bigger picture.

2. It Can Breed Blame Instead of Trust

Despite good intentions, BBS can easily morph into a compliance enforcement tool. When used improperly, it becomes:

• A checklist for “catching” people doing something wrong
• A tool that pits workers against each other through peer observations
• A culture where workers are afraid to report near misses or failures

Rather than building trust, psychological safety, and openness, BBS can contribute to a climate of fear and surveillance — where workers feel watched, not supported.

3. It's Outdated Compared to Human & Organizational Performance (HOP)

Newer frameworks like Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) and Safety Differently emphasize:

• Learning from normal work
• Understanding system conditions
• Seeing error as a symptom, not a cause
• Designing better systems, not fixing workers

In contrast, BBS often treats workers as risks to manage, rather than experts to learn from. Modern safety philosophy sees humans as the solution — adaptable, resilient, and resourceful — not as hazards to control.

4. It Often Lacks Meaningful Engagement

Too many BBS programs rely on rote observations, forms, and safety coaching moments that feel:

• Disconnected from real work
• Inauthentic or forced
• Not tailored to the unique challenges teams face

Frontline workers can easily spot when something is just a program rather than a genuine, values-driven initiative. If BBS feels performative or shallow, it quickly loses credibility.

5. It Overemphasizes "Fixing Behavior" and Underemphasizes Leadership

Many BBS models are built on the belief that unsafe behavior is the leading cause of incidents. But in reality:

Unsafe behaviors are often the result of deeper organizational issues — not the root cause.

Without courageous, accountable leadership and a willingness to examine the pressures and trade-offs baked into the system, BBS becomes a distraction from the real work of cultural change.

6. It Can Become “Safety Theater”

A growing concern is that some organizations use BBS to appear proactive, while avoiding the harder conversations:

• About leadership accountability
• About fixing outdated processes
• About investing in training, equipment, and staffing

In this way, BBS can become compliance theater — checking boxes, collecting behavior data, and holding safety meetings without any real impact on culture or trust.

Bottom Line:

Behavior-Based Safety isn’t inherently bad — it had its moment, and it taught us a lot about engagement, reinforcement, and visibility. But:

It’s no longer enough.

If your safety program still relies solely on BBS, you’re playing catch-up.

We need a more holistic, human-centered approach that recognizes:

• The complexity of work
• The role of systems, context, and leadership
• The power of trust, learning, and collaboration

The future of safety is not about fixing people — it’s about fixing the environment they work in and equipping them to thrive.

WHAT STILL WORKS ABOUT BBS

Despite the critiques, there are elements of BBS that remain powerful—when done with intention.

1. Peer-to-Peer Feedback
When observations are done with empathy, not authority, they build ownership—not fear.

2. Leading Indicator Awareness
BBS helps identify small behaviors before they lead to serious incidents. That’s gold when you're looking to be proactive.

3. Engagement in the Field
At its best, BBS gets leaders and peers into the field, noticing real work, asking questions, and connecting.

JOE:
The key is how it’s used. If BBS becomes a script, it dies. But if it’s used to create conversation, you’ve got something powerful.

WHAT NEEDS TO EVOLVE

Behavior-Based Safety: What Needs to Evolve

Behavior-Based Safety had its time and place. It helped organizations shift attention toward frontline actions and safety engagement. But the workplace, workforce, and world have changed — and BBS must evolve if it’s going to serve a meaningful role in the future of safety leadership.

Here’s what needs to change:

1. From Observation to Understanding

Old model: Count observations. Check boxes. Reinforce good behaviors. Redirect bad ones.

Evolved model: Use observations as a way to understand context, conditions, and complexity.

Observing a behavior without asking “why” is like watching only the ending of a movie and thinking you understand the plot.

Modern safety needs to dig deeper — Why did that behavior occur? What system conditions influenced it? What trade-offs did the worker face?

2. From Blame to Learning

Old model: If someone makes an unsafe choice, they need re-education, discipline, or reinforcement.

Evolved model: If someone makes an unsafe choice, the organization needs to ask:

• What made that choice seem reasonable in the moment?
• Were there conflicting priorities (production vs. safety)?
• Is our process too complex, outdated, or unrealistic?

We need to move from fixing people to learning from people.

3. From Behavior to Systems

Old model: Behavior causes incidents.

Evolved model: System design, organizational culture, and leadership drive behavior.

If you want to improve safety, don’t just focus on the end behavior — look upstream:

• Is the workload realistic?
• Are procedures usable?
• Are tools and PPE accessible and fit for purpose?
• Are leaders modeling safe values?

Behavior is a symptom, not the root cause.

4. From Compliance Coaching to Real Conversations

Old model: Use coaching tools and scripts to reinforce safety actions.

Evolved model: Foster authentic, two-way conversations where workers feel heard, not judged. Where psychological safety comes first.

Mentorship, feedback, and storytelling are more powerful than scripted coaching moments. Let workers guide the conversation. Learn what they need to be successful and safe.

5. From Surveillance to Trust

Old model: Observations are a way to monitor behavior and report non-compliance.

Evolved model: Observations are a tool to build relationships, understand work-as-done, and create a culture of trust.

If workers feel like they're being watched, they'll hide mistakes. If they feel supported, they'll share insights and challenges. Safety improves when we stop surveilling and start listening.

6. From Lagging Metrics to Learning Outcomes

Old model: Count behaviors, analyze trends, and hope for improvements in injury rates.

Evolved model: Focus on learning quality, system feedback, and trust indicators.

Metrics should reflect:

• Engagement and understanding
• Reported near misses and good catches
• System fixes and procedural improvements

It’s not about how many “unsafe behaviors” you tracked — it’s about what you did with what you learned.

7. From "One-Size-Fits-All" to Human-Centered Design

Old model: Implement a generic BBS program across the company. Train observers. Push compliance.

Evolved model: Co-design safety efforts with workers. Understand their realities. Customize tools and language to fit the environment.

The best safety systems aren’t for people — they’re with people.

The Evolution of BBS Isn't Optional — It's Necessary

To stay relevant in today’s dynamic, human-centered safety landscape, BBS must:

• Embrace systems thinking
• Prioritize trust over surveillance
• Value learning over blame
• Shift focus from control to collaboration

Behavior doesn’t happen in a vacuum. And safety doesn’t happen in a binder. It lives in relationships, trust, context, and culture.

REAL-WORLD SCENARIOS

Let’s bring this to life with a story.

Case Example:
At one manufacturing site, observation cards were piling up. Hundreds a week. But engagement was tanking. Why?

Because workers felt like they were being “graded” instead of supported.

Leadership shifted gears:

• Retrained observers to use open-ended questions.
• Rebranded the program as “Work Conversations” instead of “BBS.”
• Added a “What helped you succeed today?” section to each conversation.

Engagement jumped 40%. Conversations got real. And they discovered three systemic issues they never would’ve found through data alone.

 That’s the evolution we’re talking about.

BBS IN MODERN CULTURE

Behavior-Based Safety in Modern Culture

Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) was originally designed to reduce workplace incidents by encouraging safe behaviors through observation, feedback, and positive reinforcement. It helped shift focus from blaming systems to looking at individual actions.

But in modern safety culture, BBS alone isn’t enough.

Today’s workplaces are more complex, and safety leaders now recognize that behavior is often a symptom, not a cause. Instead of just asking, "What did the worker do?", we now ask:

• "Why did that make sense at the time?"
• "What pressures or system conditions led to that decision?"

Modern BBS must evolve into a tool for learning, listening, and improving systems — not just monitoring or compliance.

It’s no longer about counting behaviors. It’s about building trust, understanding work-as-done, and designing environments where safe choices are the easiest and most natural ones.

WRAP-UP

JOE:
Behavior-Based Safety isn’t dead—but it can’t stay stuck in the past.

If we use it with purpose, update it with empathy, and lead it through real conversations—we keep it relevant. We make it human again. And we build a safety culture where behavior isn’t something we monitor—it’s something we understand.

If this episode made you think—or rethink—how you’re doing BBS, share it with your team. Start a new kind of conversation.

This is Safety on Purpose, I’m Joe Garcia—see you next time.

[Outro music fades in]